THE CLASS STARTED WITH A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS TOPICS (05:04 PM)

MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES (05:12 PM)

• Minerals are usually classified as Metalic and non-metallic minerals.
• 1) Metalic minerals:
• a) Ferrous Minerals ( Example: Iron ore)
• b) Non-ferrous Minerals. (Example: Copper and Bauxite)
• 2) Non-Metallic Minerals:
• a) Organic or Energy minerals.
• A) Iron Ore:
• a) Magnetite:
• Black in colour 
• Associated with Igneous rocks
• b) Haematite:
• Red in colour
• Associated with Sedimentary rocks
• c) Limonite:
• Brown in Colour.
• Associated with Sedimentary rocks.
• d) Siderite:
• Grey in colour.
• Associated with Sedimentary rocks.
• Global Distribution:
• USA and Russia have huge amounts of Iron ore.
• North America: Lake Superior region, NE USA, Labrador, Newfoundland
• South America: Itabira (Brazil), Cerro Bolivar (Venezuela)
• Europe: Kiruna & Gallivare (Sweden), Bilbao (Spain)
• Africa: Bomi Hills (Liberia), Postmasberg & Transvaal (South Africa)
• Asia: Krivoy Rog, Kerch (Ukraine), Kuzbas, Magnetogorsk (Siberia), Manchuria (China)
• Australia: Iron knob, Mt.Goldsworthy
• B) Manganese:
• Ore of Maganese is called Pyrolusite.
• Global distribution:
• South America: Macapa, Minas Geraise (Brazil), Western Mato Grasso.
• Africa: Zaire, Postmasberg (South Africa) 
• Asia: Nikopol and Tokmak (Ukraine), Chiatura (Georgia), Urals.
• C) Copper:
• The ore of Copper is called chalcopyrite.
• Global distribution:
• North America: Sudbury, Lynn Lake (Canada)
• South America: Casapalco (Peru), Chuquicamata & San Jose (Chile).
• Africa: Katanga.
• Asia: Lake Balkash (Russia), Ulan Bator (Mongolia).
• D) Aluminum:
• The ore of aluminum is known as bauxite
• Global Distribution:
• North America: Alabama, Arkansas (USA)
• South America: Jamaica, Guyana, Surinam
• Europe: France, Hungary
• Africa: Guinea
• Asia: Urals, Krasnaya (Russia)
• Australia: Weipa, Cape York, Darling Range
• E) Gold:
• Global Distribution:
• North America: Nevada, Alaska, and California.
• Canada: Canada has substantial gold resources, primarily located in the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia.
• South Africa: Witwatersrand Basin
• Australia: Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie region.
• F) Tin:
• Global Distribution:
• Most of the South East Asian countries (Malaysia, Indonesia, etc)
• Nigeria.

ENERGY RESOURCES (05:44 PM)

• 1) Coal:
• Coal is generated from the remains of dead animals and plants deep beneath the Earth's surface.
• Varieties of coal:
• a) Anthracite:
• Contains 95% of Carbon.
• b) Bituminous
• Contains around 45 to 85% of Carbon.
• c) Lignite:
• 38-45% of Carbon.
• d) Peat
• Less than 38% Carbon
• Global Distribution:
• North America: Gulf Coast, Appalachian, California, Alaska (USA), Prairies, Edmonton, Calgary (Canada)
• South America: Maracaibo, Orinoco basin (Venezuela), Magdalena (Columbia), Punta Arenas (Chile), Falkland
• Europe: North Sea, Norway
• Africa: Algeria, Libya, Nigeria – Niger Delta
• Asia: Dhaharan, Quatif (Saudi Arabia), Mosul, Kirkuk, Zubair (Iraq), Masjid Sulaiman (Iran), Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Abudabhi (UAE); Baku (Azerbaijan), Urals, Caucasus, Caspian sea, NW Siberia, Sakhalin (Russia); Sumatra, Borneo (Indonesia); Brunei; Sarawak, Sabah (Malaysia), China.
• 2) Oilfields and Natural Gas:
• Global Distribution:
• California region.
• Appalachian region.
• Maracaibo.
• Persian Gulf region.
• Europe: North Sea (Brent oil is the best quality)
• Regions in India:
• Assam region: Digboi, Naharkatiya, Hagriyan-Moran, and Surma river valley.
• Natural gas is also found in the Bagrijan-Moran area.
• Gujarat region: Khambakt and Ankleshwar where oil regions are extended up to Navgaon, Kosamba, Olpad, Dholka, Mehsana, Kalal, etc.
• Mumbai High region, a little away from the Mumbai coast
• Region off-shore in Krishna - Godavari river valley.
• 3) Shale Gas:
• It is similar to natural gas.
• USA developed the Fracking technology for the extraction of shale gas.
• Hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking, is a technique used in the extraction of natural gas from shale formations.
• Lead Countries with technically recoverable Shale gas are:
• 1) China
• 2) Argentina
• 3) Algeria
• 4) U.S.A
• 5) Canada

ROCK FORMATIONS IN INDIA (6:15 PM)

• 1) Archean Rock Formations:
• They are the deepest and oldest rock formations.
• Most of them are metamorphic in nature.
• No fossil evidence is found in this rock.
• No Economic minerals are found.
• Bundelkhand and Nilgiri are the regions where archean rocks are found.
• 2) Dharwar rock Formations:
• Found near the Dharwad region in Karnataka
• Chota Nagpur Platue of East and Aravalis.
• They are rich in metalliferous minerals most important being Iron and Manganese.
• 3) Cuddahpah Rock Formations:
• Erosion and deposition of Dharwar rocks near Cuddapah
• Rich in sandstone, limestone, and Dolemite.
• It is associated with Uranium.
• 4) Vindhyan Rock Formations:
• They are majorly associated with rifting activities.
• Good amount of sandstone and limestone is found.
• Diamond is found (Panna, Golkonda, etc)
• 5) Gondwana Rock Formations:
• They have majorly coal.
• Formed in the Carboniferous period.
• Mostly found in Cauvery, Son, and Mahanadi river basins.
• 6) Deccan Trap Formations:
• The large-scale Deccan magma eruption led to the formation of the Deccan trap.
• Natural resource potential of Deccan Trap:
• Black soil
• Potential for Wind energy.
• Good groundwater storage potential.
• Potential for Hydro energy.
• 7) Tertiary Rock Formations:
• It resulted due to the Himalaya formation process. 
• They are all sedimentary in nature.
• Limestone is found in Pir Panjal, Dun Valley and Shivaliks, etc.
• 8) Quarternary Rock Formations:
• They do not have metallic and non-metallic minerals.
• In some areas Shale gas and Oil(Assam Region)
• They contain Alluvial Soil.
• Lithium is discovered recently in these rock formations.
• Iron ore in India:
• Odisha: Gurumahisani, Sulepat, and Badam Pahar in Mayurbhanj district; Baramjader group extended in Keonjhar and Sundargarh districts.
• Singhbhum district of Jharkhand.
• Bailadilla of Bastar district in Chhattisgarh;
• Sandoor Hills at Bellary - Hospet region and Bababudan Hills at Chikmanglur district in Karnataka;
• Bauxite in India:
• Ranchi and Palamau in Jharkhand
• Sarguja, Shah dole, Durg, and Balaghat in Madhya Pradesh;
• Kolaba, Thane, and Ratnagiri in Maharashtra;
• Belgaon and Bababudan Hills in Karnataka;
• Palni, Javdi and Shevaroy hills regions in Tamil Nadu
• Copper Ores in India:
• Singhbhum in Jharkhand;
•  Jhunjhunu, Bhilwara, Alwar, and Udaipur in Rajasthan; Khetri Mine in Rajasthan has been a major copper extracting region since the age of Indus Valley civilization.
• Balaghat in Madhya Pradesh;
• Guntur and Nellore districts in Andhra Pradesh.
• Mica ore in India:
• Muscovite and Biotite types of mica are extracted from Hazaribagh, Singhbhum, and Palamu districts.
• Other major mica-producing regions are Gaya and Munger in Bihar
• Nellore and Khammam in Andhra Pradesh
• Udaipur and Bhilwara districts in Rajasthan.
• Shale gas Basins:
• a) Cambay Basin
• b) Ganga Basin
• c) Assam-Arrakan Basin
• d) Damodar Valley in Gondavana Basin.
• e) Krishna- Godavari Basin
• f) Cauvery Basin.
• Uranium occurrences in India:
• Cuddapah Basin
• Bhima Basin
• Tummalapalle
• Chattisgarh Basin
• Aravalli Region.
• Shillong region.
• Singhbhum province
• Thorium :
• Global Distribution:
• India
• USA
• Australia
• Canada
• In India:
• Found in the beach Monazite sand.
• Rare earth minerals and Titanium is also found.
• Some prominent states are Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, etc.
• Other important minerals in India:

• Major Minerals:	Minor Minerals:
  They come under the direct control of the Central government. For Example Coal, Lignite,  Asbestos Calcite Diamond Dolomite Gypsum Kaolin Jasper Kyanite Limestone Pyrite Quartz Silica Sands Shale Ilmenite  Rutite	The regulation of minor minerals is done by the state government. Bentonite Boulders Building Stones Gravel Lime Stone Marble Slate, etc.

ISSUES DUE TO MINING (07:16 PM)

• Unplanned and haphazard mining causes a lot of issues.
• Environmental Issues:
• Air pollution due to open-cast mining.
• Water pollution due to disturbance of groundwater channels, and seepage of chemicals into the groundwater.
• Soil pollution due to increased soil pollution.
• Deforestation.
• Land degradation.
• Economical Issues:
• Inefficient methods of extraction reduces profit.
• Improper management of coal auction.
• Administrative Issues:
• Illegal mining, i.e. Mining beyond the sanctioned area and limit, transportation beyond the limit.
• Exploitation of labour.
• Damage to infrastructure like roads, bridges due to overload.
• Land acquisition for mining is a big issue.
• Social Issues:
• Displacement of tribals, labours.
• Migration of people for employment.
• Serious health and social issues due to mining activity.
• Technology issues:
• Mining is done through old and absolute methods.
• For Example, in Rat hole mining, the coal available in Meghalaya is thin, and difficult to extract it.
• The small holes are dug and a small amount of extraction is took place through this method.
• This method is risky and illegal.

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY (07:38 PM)

• The production of identical goods on a large scale using raw materials, machinery, power, and specialized labour in a factory setting is called the manufacturing industry.
• It produces standardized commodities.
• Locational Factors:
• Factors affecting the location of the industry are called locational factors.
• 1) Raw Material:
• Easy availability, cost of raw material, easy to transport, weight losing or non-weight losing, perishable and non-perishable like the Sugar industry.
• 2) Market:
• Bigger the market more the demand and can generate more profit.
• 3) Labour:
• Labour availability
• Skilled and unskilled
• Cheaper availability
• 4) Energy/Power:
• Availability
• Cheaper supply of power.
• Regular supply of power.
• 5) Infrastructure:
• Transportation methods.
• Land and other infrastructure
• 6) Capital:
• The availability of capital is an important factor.
• 7) Government policies:
• The policies like tax incentives, Labour laws, import-export policy, etc.
• Foot Loose industry:
• The industries which are not dependent upon specific raw materials or raw materials that can be obtained from anywhere are called footloose industries.
• For Example IT Industry.

COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY (07:59 PM)

• Significance:
• It is the largest agro-based industry.
• It is labour intensive and culturally, historically we are closer to this industry.
• Three types of cotton Industries:
• a) Handlooms:
• Made out of hands/manpower like Khadi.
• b) Power looms:
• The production took place 
• c) Cotton Spinning Mills
• Locational factor:
• Raw material:
• The cotton is grown in the black soil region.
• Cotton is a non-weight-losing industry.
• Market:
• It is the most dominant factor
• It requires a good transportation network.
• Regular power supply, labour is also required.
• Bombay Spinning and weaving company was established in 1854.
• The initial cotton mills were located in the Bombay presidency region.
• The initial areas where industries set up were:
• Ahmedabad- Manchester of India.
• Gandhinagar, Kolhapur, Nagpur, Solapur, etc.
• Distribution:
• The first shift away from the core region happened in the south.
• Coimbatore is called Manchester of south India, and Tirupur is a specific region where the cotton and textile industry is set up.
• Reasons for the southward shift:
• Availability of port.
• Cheap labour.
• Availability of cheap power.
• Eastern region:
• Alluvial soil for cotton.
• Kanpur, Varanasi, Agra, Mathura, Bhopal, etc.
• Problems of the Cotton Textile Industry:
• Raw material supply is irregular.
• Quality of cotton supply is poor.
• Higher dependence on BT Cotton.
• The cheap alternatives like technical textiles.
• Old technology is not cost-effective.
• Major Producers:
• USA, Uzbekistan, Bangladesh, Vietnam, etc.

THE TOPIC FOR THE NEXT CLASS: MAJOR INDUSTRIES (To be Continued)